Here are actionable strategies to enhance tabletability:
1. Add Excipients
1.1 Diluents
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Principle: Diluents increase bulk volume, reduce interparticle friction, and improve flow/compression. For example, lactose acts as a filler, enhancing particle rearrangement under pressure. It deforms plastically, promoting cohesive bonding between drug particles.
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Application: In herbal tablet formulations, adding starch reduces material looseness, enabling stable tablet formation.
1.2 Binders
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Principle: Binders strengthen interparticle adhesion. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) forms a cohesive film on particles, enhancing plasticity and bonding under compression.
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Application: For poorly compactable vitamin C crystals, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) improves tablet hardness and structural integrity.
1.3 Lubricants
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Principle: Lubricants like magnesium stearate reduce friction between particles and tooling (punches/dies), preventing surface defects and tool wear.
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Application: In amino acid-containing tablets, magnesium stearate enhances flow and ejection, yielding smooth-surfaced tablets.
2. Modify Particle Size/Shape
2.1 Granulation
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Principle: Wet granulation aggregates fine powders into larger granules, reducing surface area and friction. This improves flow and deformation under compression.
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Application: Antibiotic powders with poor compressibility are granulated to form cohesive particles for high-quality tablets.
2.2 Crystallization Optimization (for crystalline materials)
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Principle: Adjusting crystallization parameters (e.g., temperature, agitation) transforms needle-like crystals into spherical shapes, improving flow and compaction.
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Application: Spherical alkaloid crystals reduce tablet capping and lamination during compression.
3. Preprocess Materials
3.1 Polymorph Conversion (for polymorphic drugs)
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Principle: Metastable polymorphs (e.g., via solvent-mediated or thermal methods) often exhibit better compressibility due to higher energy states.
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Application: Steroid drugs converted to compressible polymorphs form robust tablets at lower pressures.
3.2 Solid Dispersion (for poorly soluble drugs)
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Principle: Dispersing drugs in carriers like polyethylene glycol (PEG) or PVP reduces crystallinity, enhances surface area, and improves compressibility.
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Application: Ibuprofen-PVP solid dispersions yield tablets with superior dissolution and mechanical strength.
Key Takeaways
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Diluents (e.g., lactose, starch) and binders (e.g., HPMC, PVP) address poor cohesion.
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Lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate) mitigate friction-related defects.
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Granulation and crystallization optimize particle properties for compression.
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Polymorph control and solid dispersions enhance material compatibility with tablet presses.
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